
See a list of all services available to online students at See a list of all services available to residential students at Sample Paper in notes-bibliography for all students Footnotes are also used to provide copyright attribution when it’s needed.Note to students using Grammarly: See this resource on Grammarly’s Place in the Writing Process You can use them to provide supplemental information such as additional examples or clarifications do this sparingly, as APA warns against including nonessential information. Leave one blank line between footnotes, and make sure footnotes are single-spaced.ĪPA footnotes are used only for providing extra information, since APA in-text citations appear in parentheses instead.Write the number at the start of the note in normal text (not superscript), followed by a period and then a space.Add an indent at the start of each footnote (before the number).George and Caulfield, “Academic Integrity.”įull information about all your sources is usually included in a bibliography at the end, except in very short papers, where footnote citations may be used alone if your institution allows it.Ĭhicago recommends using your word processor’s built-in footnote function to add footnotes, but a couple of formatting details may need to be changed manually: Tegan George and Jack Caulfield, “Academic Integrity vs. The number appears after any punctuation, except when the clause ends with an em dash, in which case the number appears before it. Each note should have a unique number don’t use the same number again even if you cite the same source repeatedly.įootnote numbers are usually placed at the end of the relevant clause or sentence. Type the text you want into the footnote.įootnotes should be numbered consecutively in the order they appear throughout your paper.




Most style guidelines are flexible enough that these automatically inserted footnotes meet their requirements, so that you don’t have to worry about the specifics of formatting. If you’re writing in Microsoft Word or in Google Docs, it’s easy to insert footnotes automatically using the built-in functionality of the software. How to insert footnotes in Word and Google Docs
